Opinion | First HMPV Cases in India: Stay Safe and Stay Informed

On January 6, 2025, India reported its first case of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in an 8-month-old infant from Bengaluru, Karnataka. Shortly after, another case was identified in the same state. As of January 7, 2025, India has confirmed seven cases of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), including two cases each in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, along with one case in Gujarat. The individuals impacted are all children. This alarming and emerging health concern has sparked fears over the potential spread of this respiratory threat. Currently, China is experiencing a substantial increase in the number of cases, particularly those associated with respiratory disorders. This has triggered global concern as the virus spreads, showing flu-like symptoms.

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an epidemic virus, though its hospitalization rate is significantly lower than that of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). HMPV as a respiratory virus primarily affects the lungs and airways, making children, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems most vulnerable. (Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a contagious virus that infects the respiratory tract.) There is currently no vaccine available for HMPV.

HMPV: What You Need to Know
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a respiratory virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, is raising public health concerns globally. HMPV, a virus recognized for inducing mild cold-like symptoms, has been circulating globally for several years. First discovered in 2001 in the Netherlands, the virus spreads via respiratory droplets, coughing, sneezing, or contact with contaminated surfaces.
Key Insights
Symptoms: Causes mild to moderate respiratory issues.
High-Risk Groups: Infants, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems are most vulnerable.
Prevention: No vaccine is available, making hygiene practices crucial.
Treatment: Symptomatic care is the only option.

Stop the Spread: Key Steps to Prevent HMPV
Health professionals advocate for the implementation of specific measures to mitigate the transmission of human metapneumovirus (HMPV):
Engage in Hand Hygiene: Regularly cleanse your hands with soap for a duration of 20 seconds or utilize hand sanitizer as an alternative.
Adhere to Respiratory Etiquette: It is advisable to cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the elbow, ensuring that tissues are disposed of appropriately.
Refrain from engaging in proximal interactions. It is advisable to keep a prudent distance from those who are unwell.
Stay Home, Stay Safe: Prioritize rest and pursue medical consultation should your symptoms escalate.
Ensure surfaces are disinfected: Consistently cleanse items that are frequently handled.

Global and Domestic Impact of HMPV
Global context: HMPV has been spreading for decades all over, usually leading to seasonal epidemics. While most cases are mild, significant complications can tax healthcare systems, particularly in high-density or resource-constrained areas. China’s ongoing surge in cases underscores the potential for the virus to cause localized outbreaks.
India’s domestic context: Recent HMPV instances have surfaced during regular surveillance. The virus has probably been around undetectably for years, but current discovery raises questions. Although awareness is important, public health officials stress that there is no evidence of any significant national severe illness connected to HMPV.

Current Impact of HMPV in India
Impact in India Public Health: At-risk Groups: Young children, the elderly, and individuals with reduced immunity face the highest risk.
Healthcare Preparedness: The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and state health authorities are diligently monitoring respiratory illnesses.
Impact on the Economy: Markets reacted to the early reports with a downturn; nonetheless, analysts foresee a minimal long-term effect. Healthcare stocks have experienced minimal movement, indicating a lack of significant concern among investors.
Response from the Government
In response, states such as Delhi, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand have issued healthcare advisories. Agencies such as ICMR and IDSP are closely monitoring the situation to ensure early detection and preparedness.

Preventive Measures for HMVP
Implementing the following preventive measures can significantly reduce HMPV transmission and safeguard vulnerable groups from severe respiratory illnesses.
Boosting India’s Fight Against HMPV
A comprehensive strategy that incorporates good hygiene, healthcare readiness, and transparent public communication is necessary to improve India’s response to HMPV.
1. Concerns of the General Public and Hygiene Procedures:
Hygiene of the Hands: Every day, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least twenty seconds. Use hand sanitizer with alcohol.
Respiratory Etiquette: When coughing or sneezing, it is proper respiratory etiquette to cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow.
Avoid Close Contact: It is important to keep a safe distance from those who are exhibiting symptoms of respiratory illnesses.
Stay In, Stay Safe: If you’re feeling unwell, it’s best to stay home and consult a healthcare professional if your symptoms escalate.
Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly disinfect commonly touched surfaces to maintain hygiene.
2. The preparedness of the healthcare system:
Monitoring Respiratory Infections: Continuous monitoring of respiratory infections is being carried out in order to identify any unexpected patterns or increases in the number of cases identified.
Training Healthcare Workers: In order to promote quick diagnosis and appropriate care, it is important to ensure that healthcare practitioners are trained and aware about HMPV.
Stocking Medical Supplies: Sufficient personal protective equipment and medical resources must be maintained to effectively manage potential cases.
3.Public Communication:
Dissemination of Information: It is important to provide the public with information that is both accurate and up-to-date in order to avoid spreading misinformation/fake news and to lessen unneeded panic.
Specifications: The government should provide clear guidelines on preventive measures and specify when to seek medical assistance.

HMPV: The Next Pandemic or Just a Seasonal Concern?
Although Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) can induce respiratory sickness, it is improbable to precipitate a pandemic akin to COVID-19. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is not a novel pathogen; it has been circulating worldwide for decades, generally resulting in seasonal epidemics. It transmits via respiratory droplets, primarily affecting small children, elderly individuals, and those with compromised immune systems. Widespread immunity and existing public health measures reduce its pandemic potential. However, vigilance is crucial to prevent localized outbreaks. The identification of HMPV cases is a matter of concern; however, according to the authorities in charge of public health, there is no reason to be concerned. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has claimed that these instances were discovered through routine surveillance and that there has not been an unusual increase in the number of severe acute respiratory infections or influenza-like diseases.

Should India Worry About Rising HMPV Cases?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus known to cause illnesses ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe conditions like pneumonia. However, it is unlikely to escalate into a pandemic akin to COVID-19. Having circulated globally for decades, HMPV typically causes seasonal outbreaks, primarily affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets, but widespread immunity and effective public health measures have kept its overall impact under control. India has reported a few cases of human metapneumovirus (HMPV). According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), there has been no significant rise in respiratory illnesses or severe infections associated with the virus. The healthcare system is equipped with adequate resources and protocols to effectively manage any potential cases. Preventing HMPV transmission depends heavily on simple hygiene practices. Regular handwashing, proper respiratory etiquette, and avoiding close contact with symptomatic individuals are crucial. Coupled with vigilant monitoring and prompt government action, these measures ensure that the situation remains well under control, safeguarding public health effectively.

Conclusion
The enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have heightened awareness and sensitivity towards emerging health issues such as HMPV. Although the emergence of HMPV cases might raise concerns, it’s crucial to recognize that this virus is not a newcomer, and its transmission and impact on individuals are significantly milder compared to COVID-19. This scenario serves as a crucial reminder to remain vigilant, adhere to sound health practices, and rely on trustworthy information sources. By thoughtfully addressing public concerns and maintaining readiness, India can effectively manage HMPV risks and safeguard public health while minimizing unnecessary anxiety and panic.

( Writer can be reached on kashafiishrat561@gmail.com )