English
Arabic
Chinese (Simplified)
Russian
Spanish
Urdu
Women’s rights are considered to be a significant indicator of the level of advancement and fairness of society. When women are given equal opportunities, education, and legal protection, they are able to participate more actively in social and economic life. A comparison of the status of women in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) reveals that there are significant differences in their legal status, political empowerment, education, and economic prospects. Even though there is a similarity in terms of cultural background and geographical history between the two regions, the policies and systems of governance followed in each of the regions have impacted women differently.
One of the most visible differences between the two regions can be seen in the area of legal rights and constitutional protection. Some of the major legal changes in Jammu and Kashmir have happened after the removal of Articles 370 and 35A in 2019. After the removal of these articles, Jammu and Kashmir became part of India’s constitutional system. This change brought legal equality for women in several areas. Women now have the same property rights as men, which means they can inherit and own property without facing the earlier restrictions that existed in certain situations. Such legal changes have helped strengthen the position of women in society. However, in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, there is a major variation in this regard. Social life is patriarchal in nature, and traditional practices have considerable influence on women’s rights, especially in rural areas.
Political participation has also shown a marked distinction between the two regions. Jammu and Kashmir has 33 per cent women’s reservation in local governance bodies under the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act. Because of this reservation, many women have entered grassroots politics and started participating in local decision-making processes. Women representatives in village councils may contribute to discussions on development issues such as education, sanitation, and health. Their participation in local government structures has created awareness among women’s needs and overall community well-being. In Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, women’s participation in mainstream politics is limited. Although the presence of women in politics is low, their overall impact is low, while men dominate key decision-making roles.
Education is another important area where differences can be noticed. In Jammu and Kashmir, the literacy rate among women has improved. Especially in urban areas, it is observed that there is an increase in the number of girls attending schools and colleges. Various government initiatives and better facilities for education, along with awareness of the importance of girls’ education, have reduced the gap between the two genders. Many girls in our country are seeking higher and more professional courses of study. In Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, however, the opportunity for girls’ education is limited in certain areas. Due to financial constraints and social limitations, girls do not pursue higher levels of education beyond basic schooling.
Economic empowerment, however, offers a different perspective. In Jammu and Kashmir, various welfare programs are designed to bolster women’s financial autonomy. Take, for example, the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, which offers financial support to expectant and nursing mothers, thereby contributing to better maternal health and nutrition. The UMEED Scheme is another key player, promoting women’s participation in self-help groups and small-scale economic ventures. As a result of these initiatives, numerous women have launched small businesses or found income-generating opportunities. In Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, economic opportunities for women are comparatively limited. Due to economic underdevelopment and fewer employment opportunities, many women remain financially dependent on their families.
Women in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir face many social issues too. According to reports, restrictions are imposed on freedom of expression, and activists face problems while they try to raise their voices for social issues. Cases of domestic violence and honour killings have been reported in some areas. Women are discouraged from speaking out against such issues due to social pressure.
Overall, it can be seen that there is a clear difference between the structural support for women in both Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. In Jammu and Kashmir, there is a clear and organized approach to empowering women, while in the case of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, there are issues of traditional values, economic constraints, and women’s rights.
In conclusion, the condition of women in these two regions reveals the impact of governance policies and social structures in terms of gender equality. Although in Jammu and Kashmir, there are significant improvements in terms of building up women’s rights and opportunities, there are many challenges in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir that affect women’s participation in social, political, and economic spheres.
aidahsyed3@gmail.com
